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Quantitative data on the onset and evolution of malaria epidemics are scarce. We review case studies from recent African Plasmodium falciparum epidemics (Kisii and Gucha Districts, Kenya, 1999; Kayanza Province, Burundi, 2000-2001; Aweil East, southern Sudan, 2003; Gutten and Damot Gale, Ethiopia, 2003-2004). We highlight possible epidemic risk factors and review delays in epidemic detection and response (up to 20 weeks), essentially due to poor case reporting and analysis or low use of public facilities. Epidemics lasted 15-36 weeks, and patients' age profiles suggested departures from classical notions of epidemic malaria everywhere but Burundi. Although emergency interventions were mounted to expand inpatient and outpatient treatment access, we believe their effects were lessened because of delays, insufficient evaluation of disease burden, lack of evidence on how to increase treatment coverage in emergencies, and use of ineffective drugs.

Original publication

DOI

10.3201/eid1210.060540

Type

Journal article

Journal

Emerg Infect Dis

Publication Date

10/2006

Volume

12

Pages

1477 - 1485

Keywords

Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Burundi, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Ethiopia, Female, Humans, Infant, Kenya, Malaria, Falciparum, Male, Middle Aged, Plasmodium falciparum, Sudan