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Netherton syndrome is a severe autosomal recessive skin disorder characterized by congenital erythroderma, a specific hair-shaft abnormality, and atopic manifestations with high IgE levels. Recently, we identified SPINK5, which encodes the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 protein (LEKTI), as the defective gene in Netherton syndrome. Here we describe the intron-exon organization of the gene and characterize the SPINK5 mutations in patients from 21 families of different geographic origin, using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. We identified 18 mutations, of which 13 were novel and seven (39%) were recurrent. The majority of the mutations were clustered between exons 1-8 and exons 21-26. They comprised four nonsense mutations (22%), eight frameshift insertions or deletions (44%), and six splice-site defects (33%). All mutations predict the formation of premature termination codons. Northern blot analysis showed variable reduction of SPINK5 mutant transcript levels, suggesting variable efficiency of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Seven patients were homozygotes, eight were compound heterozygotes, and five were heterozygotes with only one identifiable SPINK5 mutation. Five mutations, one of which resulted in perinatal lethal disease in three families, were associated with certain ethnic groups. We also describe 45 intragenic polymorphisms in the patients studied. The clinical features of erythroderma, trichorrhexis invaginata, and atopic manifestations were present in the majority of affected individuals and ichthyosis linearis circumflexa was seen in 12 out of 24 patients. Interfamilial and intrafamilial variation in disease severity was observed, with no clear correlation between mutations and phenotype, suggesting that the degree of severity may be affected by other factors.

Original publication

DOI

10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01603.x

Type

Journal article

Journal

J Invest Dermatol

Publication Date

02/2002

Volume

118

Pages

352 - 361

Keywords

Adolescent, Adult, Carrier Proteins, Child, Child, Preschool, Codon, Nonsense, Congenital Abnormalities, DNA Transposable Elements, Exons, Gene Deletion, Genome, Genotype, Hair, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital, Infant, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Polymorphism, Genetic, Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory, RNA Splice Sites, RNA, Messenger, Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal-Type 5, Serine Proteinase Inhibitors, Syndrome